PERIOD+5

The Controversial 1880's

media type="custom" key="11516708" toc The Assassination of President Garfield- Sean Davie

The American Red Cross (Clara Barton) 1881* - Alexx Gray

Chinese Exclusion Act 1882 -Natalie Chen

Dawes Act- Jonathan Tonel

Election of 1880- Enrique GOnzalez

The Johnstown Flood of 1889 - Rebecca Yiu

Commercial- Enrique, Sean, Daniel Music Video- Natalie, Jonathan, Tyler, Rebecca

TimeLine


 * 1880 - University of Southern California founded
 * 1880 - U.S. population exceeds 50 million
 * 1881 - The Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Arizona Territory
 * 1881 - James Garfield inaugurated as President
 * 1881 - James Garfield assassinated
 * 1881 - Chester A. Arthur inaugurated as President
 * 1881 - Clara Barton creates Red Cross
 * 1881 - Tuskegee Institute founded
 * 1881 - Billy the Kid is shot and killed by Sheriff Pat Garrett
 * 1881 - //A Century of Dishonor// written by Helen Hunt Jackson
 * 1882 - Chinese Exclusion Act
 * 1882 - Jesse James was shot and killed by Robert and Charlie Ford
 * 1883 - Buffalo Bill Cody debuts his //Wild West Show.// Variations run into the 20th century with more than 1200 participants. Famed early participants include: Sitting Bull, Geronimo, Calamity Jane, and Annie Oakley.
 * 1883 - //Civil Rights Cases// 109 US 3 1883 legalizes doctrine of segregation
 * 1883 - Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act
 * 1883 - Brooklyn Bridge opens
 * 1885 - Grover Cleveland inaugurated as President
 * 1885 - Washington monument completed
 * 1886 - Haymarket Riot
 * 1886 - American Federation of Labor founded in Columbus, Ohio
 * 1887 - The United States Congress creates Interstate Commerce Commission
 * 1887 - Dawes Act
 * 1887 - Hatch Act
 * 1888 - Publication of //Looking Backward// by Edward Bellamy
 * 1888 - National Geographic Society founded
 * 1889 - Oklahoma Land Rush (April 22, 1889)
 * 1889 - Benjamin Harrison becomes President
 * 1889 - North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and Washington become states
 * 1889 - Johnstown flood in Pennsylvania
 * 1889 - Jane Addams founds Hull House

Alexx Gray: Clara Barton and the American Red Cros media type="custom" key="11584026"

__Music Video __ media type="youtube" key="1Uj5uUg7Geo" height="378" width="672"

__Commercial__

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In our commercial, we are advertising the first portable camera, the Kodak Camera. The Kodak Camera was invented in 1888 by George Eastman. George Eastman founded the Eastman Kodak company in 1889 after the release of the camera. The camera made it easier for people to capture photos and made it really easy to actually develop them. In the commercial we also present the first electric fan that was created in 1882-1886. It was a great luxury for people who wanted to keep cool on a hot day. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is also presented. It was published in 1886.

=__**Dawes Act**__=

Summary
The Dawes Act (also known as the General Allotment Act) was passed in 1887. Primarily it is about America sectionalizing lands to Native Americans. Through this they are taking control of them. This document was conceived by Henry Dawes, Chair of the Senate Committee on Indian Affairs for the latter part of the 19th century. Dawes was well known for his compassion and care for the Natives. This was his main drive for creating his Act-- so that Indians could find a place in America to live.

Exerpt of Dawes Act: “ //An act to provide for the allotment of lands in severalty to Indians on the various reservations, and to extend the protection of the laws of the United States and the Territories over the Indians, and for other purposes.//”

The Document
Important Sections

//**"SEC. 10. That nothing in this act contained shall be so construed to affect the right and power of Congress to grant the right of way through any lands granted to an Indian, or a tribe of Indians, for railroads or other highways, or telegraph lines, for the public use, or condemn such lands to public uses, upon making just compensation."**//

//**"SEC. 6. That upon the completion of said allotments and the patenting of the lands to said allottees, each and every number of the respective bands or tribes of Indians to whom allotments have been made shall have the benefit of and be subject to the laws, both civil and criminal, of the State or Territory in which they may reside"**//

Why It is Important
As shown in the previous two excerpts, the underlying cause of this allotment act is in fact assimilation of the Native Americans. Their land, people, and most importantly culture will be part of America. What was once their land was being sold and doled out to them by white settlers.



media type="custom" key="11633078" =__The Presidential Election 0f 1888__=

Who Ran:
Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison

__Intro[[image:1888DemocraticPoster.png width="217" height="171" align="left" caption="Grover Cleveland/V.P Thurman campaign poster"]]__
The presidential election of 1888 was the election in which Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison, Clinton Fisk, and Alson Streeter. Grover Cleveland, Democrat, and Benjamin Harrison, Republican, were the two main candidates. Grover Cleveland was running to secure his second term. The Main issue of the election was tariffs- taxes on imports. The nation was at peace and the economy was for the most part running smoothly. The interesting thing is that this election was one one of the most controversial election in U.S history.

__Issues__
The main political issue in the election of 1888 was tariffs, taxes on imports. Democrats, Cleveland, was against high tariffs and the Republicans, Harrison, were with it. The good thing about high tariffs at the time was that it protected American goods from competing with othe countries with lower priced products. It kept a lot of jobs for Americans. Cleveland was against it because he saw that high tariffs made the cost on products to high and hurt the people. He also noticed that the tariffs brought more money than the government needed. He did not like the taxes to be unfair to the people. The argument between the protectionist, supported on restraining trade between states, and free traders goes back all the way to the dispute over the Tariff of 1816.

Free trade was also an issue in the election. The policy of free trade was an idea of the British, which were still not on good terms with the U.S. The problem of trying to act on the issue was that any candidate who was for it, was seen as a supporter of the British thus getting a bad reputation on the vote. The Irish-American voting population, which was big, would be against the candidate and that is why Cleveland tried to win their side by taking action on Canada in a fishing rights argument. Canada was still looked at as a part of the British Empire.



__Results and Why it was controversial__
The way an election becomes controversial is when a candidate wins the popular vote but still loses the election. Democrat Grover Cleveland won the popular vote by 0.8%. Benjamin led the vote 48.6% to 47.8% over Harrison. Even though Harrison was lost the popular vote, Harrison won the Electoral College majority by 233 out of 401 possible votes. Cleveland had 168 votes. Harrison's win over New York, Cleveland's home state, gave him a huge advantage. Due to the Murchison letter, Cleveland lost New York. If Cleveland would have won his home state, the election would had been his. Cleveland had all his support in the South for lowering Tariffs while the republicans wanted high tariffs. Though the South supported Cleveland with more than 64%, the South alone was not enough to win the election.

__Murchison Letter__
In California during the election, people were still unsure on who to vote for. A republican named George Osgoodby came up with a perfect scheme to give Harrison an advantage. Osgoodby wrote a letter to the British ambassador Sir Lionel Sackville-West with a pen name Charles F. Murchison. In the letter he faked to be a former Englishman who is now living in California and had asked the ambassador who he should vote for. Sir Lionel wrote back in the letter that Cleveland was the better pick in the upcoming election from the British point of view. The republicans then published the letter two weeks before the election. It had a huge impact to the Irish-American voters and Cleveland lost New York and eventually the presidency. Sir Lionel Sackville-West was fired as ambassador shortly after.

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=__**The Johnstown Flood of 1889**__= media type="custom" key="11639688"

Introduction:
In the 1880s, the United State has become the strongest industrial country in the world. People enjoyed how industrialization and urbanization has improved their lives, and everything seemed so bright and right in the country. Johnstown Flood is a disaster happened in Johnstown, Pennsylvania on May 31, 1889. The saddest part about the Johnstown flood is that this is not only a natural disaster but also a consequence brought by urbanization.

Cause:
Johnstown had been built into a river valley on the Appalachian Plateau. It is a town surrounded by mountains, and the Conemaugh River at the western end drained a watershed which dropped in the rivers from mountains 500 feet above. The river brought convenience to people and it urges the quick development of the town. The South Fork Dam lay at the eastern to the town, and was initially built as part of the canal system to be used as a reservoir for the state's Main Line of Public Works canal basin in Johnstown, but it was dumped for 5 years. In 1875, John Reilly bought the old dam and reformed it into a Fishing and Hunting Club. The Club is used as a resort by those successful business men such as the industrialist Andrew Carnegie, the banker Andrew Mellon, etc. B. Ruff was in charge of the repair of the club. He was a wealthy railroad contractor. Ruff ordered to remove the pipes and sold for their value as scrap steel, so there was no practical way to lower the level of water behind the dam. Also, they erected fish screens across the mouth of the spillway to prevent the fish from swimming away, and these became clogged with debris, restricting the outflow of water. These all set hidden dangers for the future disaster. The whole engineering only cost $17000. Everyone knows that there was serious potential danger due to the repair. However, the wealthy people ignored the warning sent by the engineers because all they thought about was money.

Description:
On the afternoon of May 31st, it has been raining heavily for a long time. The water line at the dam has risen, and the officials see that the dam might fail so they worked to avoid it. The attempts includeadding height to the dam, digging a second spillway to relieve pressure from the breast, and finally releasing the heavy screens placed on the overflows to keep the stocked fish from escaping into the streams below. All of the methods did not work, and by the little after 3 p.m., 20 millions tons of water broke the dam, rushed down and rolled into Johnstown with 14 miles of accumulated debris, which included houses, barns, animals and people, dead and alive. People who had experienced it describe the sound as “a roar like thunder”.

=
Impact: ===== The flood took away 2,209 people’s life. More than 750 victims were never identified. 1,600 families were destroyed, and over $17 million in property damage was done. It took 3 months to clean up the debris and the bodies by 7,500 people assigned by the government. The news of Johnstown flood soon spread and shocked people all over the nation. $3,742,818.78 was collected for the Johnstown relief effort from within the U.S. and 18 foreign countries. Clara Barton and her Washington, D. C. contingent of the Red Cross built hotels for people to live in and warehouses to store the many supplies the community received. Suits were also filed against the members of the Fishing and Hunting Club, but the courts eventually proved them innocent. However, if it wasn’t for their selfishness, the disaster might be avoidable. People learned the lesson that urbanization and industrialization, which seemed to bring light to the whole country, do have negative affect besides the convenience and improvement they brought. People started to realize, besides developing economy, safety is also an important issue to consider about. Although some people left the town after the flood, most of them chose to stay. They viewed this town as their only homeland and they decided no matter what worst happened, they need to rebuild and move on, and their spirit encourages the people in the decades, too.

= = =**__THE ASSASSINATION OF FREAKIN GARFIELD__**=

THE ATTEMPT
On the morning of July 2, 1881, recently elected President James Garfield was on his way to catch a train to the Jersey Shore for some much needed vacation time after his stressful time in office so far. Little did he know, however, that a deranged gunman was lying in wait for him at the station. Charles Guiteau, upon seeing the president, unhesitatingly fired two shots at him. One simply grazed his arm, while the other lodged deep in his abdomen. The president then fell directly to the floor as the gunman was subdued by all able bodied men in the area, conscious, and in great pain. THE ASSASSIN Some assassinations are motivated politically. Maybe the assassin doesn't agree with someone's policies, maybe they feel that for the good of the country this person needs to be removed from office. In this case, however, it was an imagined vendetta against the President and more specifically, his administration that drove Guiteau to commit murder. To understand these motivations we have to take a deep, long look at Charles' life, all the way up to the point where he committed the crime that would eventually lead to his execution. Charles did not have a happy childhood. His mother died when he was seven, and had suffered from psychosis, or a complete detachment from reality. He was raised mostly by his sister with a little help from his father and stepmother after he remarried. Guiteau successfully got himself into Ann Arbor college, but was miserable there and, unable to tolerate the loneliness he felt, left shortly after. What he did next was join a commune. This commune was known as the "Oneida Community" and practiced what could be called "Biblical communsim". He stayed there for a total of five years before he left in order to pursue a dream he had suddenly envisioned. He attempted to start the country's first theocratic newspaper which he named the "Daily Theocrat". It failed. Dejected, he returned to the Oneida Community for a year then moved in with his family for one year in Illinois. Around this time, he sued the Oneida Community for $9000, which he felt was fair compensation for the six years of work he had put in there. Representatives of the Oneida community, however, described him as "Moody, self-conceinted, unmanageable", as well as addicted to masturbation. Guiteau's lawyer, realizing what a frivolous lawsuit it was, quickly dropped the case. Guiteau, enraged at his failure, wrote furious letters to the Oneida community threatening them with violence for years. After the case, he moved back to Illinois where he found employment as a Debt-collector, and found a wife, Annie Bunn, a local librarian. His marriage was a long, abusive relationship in which he would reportedly drag his wife around his house by her hair yelling at her to submit to him and call him master. This took five years to end. Gotta love the 1800s. For a small time, he stayed in jail because of reports of him using illegal debt collection practices as well as pocketing payment money instead of giving it to the people it was owed to. After so much failure you might think Charles would give up but no, he had another idea! He would purchase a small newspaper in Chicago, and turn it into a large and influential one. How would he do this? Well, his plan was to plagiarize stories straight from //The New York Tribune//. Unsurprisingly, this plain failed as well. His next passion was to be a lecturer. He claimed to be a great lawyer and theologian. According to his own account, he sometimes lectured completely naked, and the content of his lectures were usually ramblings about the coming end of the world and Jesus' supposed reappearance in Jerusalem in 70 AD. Again, unsurprisingly, this line of work failed him as well. It was at this point that the chain of events that would eventually lead to the assassination began. Guiteau took an interest in politics. He joined the great republican party and supported Ulysses S. Grant as the presidential nominee. However, the republican party was split against itself between to candidates when a new candidate that they could both compromise on, emerged. This candidate was James Garfield. Seeing that Ulysses now stood no chance, he scratched out Ulysses' name on all the speeches he had written in support of him and simply replaced it with Garfield. His speech "Grant v. Hancock(the opposing nominee) became "Garfield v. Hancock". Speeches in hand, Guiteau approached the Republican party again and again in an attempt to become an official speaker for the cause. After being repeatedly rejected, he was eventually given what can only be seen as a "Fine just for God's sake LEAVE US ALONE" job to give a speech to a small number of african Amrican voters. Who, of course at this time, were prevented from voting. When Garfield won against Hancock, Guiteau concluded that this speech he had given clearly had resulted directly in Garfield's victory. He wrote a letter directly to the president asking for a position in the new government, which he felt he had earned for the vital role he had played in the campaign. as ambassador to Paris. He was rejected and told, quite simply, "go away". After four months of this, and no prospects at all. No friends to support him, family having abandoned him and even condemned him as insane themselves, with very little money, and no doubt angry his repeated failures in life, Guiteau decided that his chances to get a government posting might be better if the vice president were, instead, the president. He bought a gun, and shot the president. After shooting the president Guiteau was surprised at the commotion that was caused. He repeatedly told bystanders that it was okay! That he was just doing what needed to be done and that it was really no big deal.

MEDICAL CARE
As soon as the president had been shot, a doctor rushed onto the scene. He immediately administered hard alcohol as an anisthetic, which the president promptly vomited up. Now, what must be understood is that at this time, the procedure for treating a bullet wound could go one of two ways. Either the bullet was lodged somewhere where it had not ruptured or damaged a vital organ, in which case the best course of action was to let the wound heal for awhile and //then// remove the bullet. OR if the bullet had indeed ruptured something important or caused serious damage the bullet must be removed immediately or the patient would quickly die. The predicament the doctors face was not knowing where the bullet was. The first doctor on the scene inserted a metal probe to find the bullet but got it stuck between the president's shattered ribs, and had to remove it with great pain to the president, failing to find the bullet. The ingenious doctor then inserted his FINGER into the president's bullet wound in an attempt to physically find the bullet, but all he succeeded in doing was rubbing dirt into the wound and widening it. The President was then moved to the white house where 16 of the nation's top doctors all clamored around him, wanting to be the doctor that saved the president's life. Most of them used either unsterilized equipment, or their fingers to attempt to find the bullet that was lodged somewhere mysterious inside the president's body, essentially ensuring that his wound would become horribly infected. As the president's condition worsened it became apparent that he should be moved. The summer was extremely hot, and the White House was currently suffering from a plague of mosquito that were constantly biting the infected, dying president. The decision was made to move him to his New Jersey summer house by train. During the trip,the President's temperature suddenly rose and panicked doctors tried again to operate on the wound to find the bullet succeeding again, only in widening the hole and causing the president great pain. Not long after, the President finally died. He had wasted away from his original 210 pounds to a 130. He had survived a total of 80 days. The doctors had done absolutely nothing besides turn a harmless three inch deep hole into a 20-inch long puss-oozing gash. Had they not interfered at all, the president's wound would have healed and he would have served the rest of his term alive and well, and lived a long, hearty life. On an interesting side note, a new invention almost saved the president's life. At this time, coming up with ideas on how to save to president had become something of a national past-time. People all around the country were mailing in their ideas and opinions to anyone that would listen. The inventors of the telephone, however, had an idea that had some real potential. They invented a primitive metal detector, and tested it's bullet locating abilities on civil war veterans who still had old bullets lodged in their bodies. Every single time, they were able to successfully guess where the bullet was. Armed with this information, the doctors had a very good chance of saving the president's life! They succeeded in getting a chance to try their invention on the president, but for some reason the device went haywire. Baffled, the inventors went back to the drawing board. Finding nothing wrong with their device, they tried one more time to find the missing bullet. Same problem. What they didn't know was that the president was lying on a mattress with new metal springs, which were interfering with the metal detector's readings. The reason no one thought of this as a problem was because metal spring mattresses were a very new invention. Few places had them and the white house only had one because, well, its the white house. Had the president been lying on an older mattress without metal springs, it is much more likely that he would have survived.

THE TRIAL
In the weeks prior to the trial Guiteau was, of course, jailed. He, however, expected that he would make bail, begin a circuit around the country making lectured that thousands of people would of course flock to because of his amazing act and what an intelligent and heroic man he was. Right? He also thought the money he would make from these lectures would of course pay for the top notch lawyers that woulld, of //course//, find him not guilty and acquitted of the crimes he was charged with. He released an autobiography entitled, "The Life and Theology of Charles Guiteau". Throughout this entire time he continued to believe the public would flock to his cause, loving him for what he had done. Obviously, public opinion was pretty far against him. Fearing that a lynch mob might break into the jail and hang him, prison officials moved him to an isolated room with only a small barred window at the top. A prison guard fired at Guiteau, but missed. NOW the public swarmed to someone's aid, but it wasn't Charles'. Donations to the family of the prison guard that fired at Guiteau came in, but the guard was still court martialed and sentanced to an 8-year sentance. Guiteau's lawyer, not surprisingly, raised an insanity defence. He concluded that his writings were clearly the product of a mentally diseased person, and the assassination in itself could only be the product of a diseased mind. The judge, however, disagreed. He believed Guiteau was just a daedbeat who wanted some excitement. The argument against Guiteau was that he acted not out of insanity but out of "wounded vanity and disappointment". Guiteau also refused to acknowledge that he was insane, and drew a distinction between "legal insanity" something he was fine with claiming if it would get him off, and "actual insanity" which he saw as a huge and personal insult. At this time, however, getting an insanity ruling was not an easy thing. According to the law if Guiteau understood that shooting the president was illegal and that shooting the president might kill him, he was sane and responsible for his actions. Guiteau proudly agreed to both of these things. According to the law of this time, he was guilty. The whole time, Guiteau fought with his lawyer as he tried over and over again to get the judge to see that Guiteau was a deranged man. The legal battle went on for some time. With experts on both sides saying he was either insane, or “sane, but eccentric”. This trial was special in the sense that it would in many ways struggle to redefine what role insanity should play in sentencing. Some people argued that Guiteau was insane, that he suffered from delusions and hallucinations and that he should not be held accountable for his action, others argued that if this decision was made that every angry man with a gun could be allowed to get off scott free for murder if only he could prove that he was “insane”. In the end, it was decided he should be hung. And he was. Before his execution he read bible verses and a poem he wrote. On hearing news of his death, a crowd of thousands cheered.

=__Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)__= media type="custom" key="11632256"

** Thesis/ Overview: **
The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law signed by Chester A. Arthur on May 8, 1882. The Congress subsequently acted quickly to carry out the suspension of Chinese immigration, which was ban to last 10 years. The Magnuson Act repealed this law on December 17, 1943.

** Immigration: **
The first Chinese immigration to the United States started with the California gold rush of 1848-1855. They continue with large labor projects by working on central pacific transcontinental railroad. By the 1860s Chinese were the largest immigrant group in California. The population was predominant by healthy male adults so the Chinese workers did not use any of the governments infrastructure and they provided cheap labor. As time passed and more and more Chinese migrants arrived in California.

** Chinatown: **
Most Chinese settled within a larger territory of ethnic groups of people in cities, mainly San Francisco. They took up low-end wage labor such as restaurant work and laundry just to earn enough to live. Living in these areas they created what is called Chinatown.

** Anti-Chinese: **
Labor leader Denis Kearney and his Workingman’s Party politicized anti-Chinese animosity, both of who blamed Chinese "coolies (manual laborers)" for depressed wages levels.

** Chinese Exclusion Act: **
Once the Chinese Exclusion Act was finally passed in 1882, California went further in its discrimination against the Chinese by passing various laws that were later held to be unconstitutional. After the act was passed most Chinese families were faced with a dilemma, “stay in the United States alone or go back to China to reunite with their families.” Newspapers around the country and especially in California started to discredit and blame the Chinese for most things, i.e. white unemployment. The police also discriminated against the Chinese by using the slightest opportunity to arrest them and others were relentlessly beaten just because of their race.

** Angel Island: **
From 1910 to 1940, the Angel Island Immigration Station on what is now Angel Island State Park in San Francisco Bay served as the processing center for most of the 56,113 Chinese immigrants who are recorded as immigrating or returning from China. For example in 1940, there was account of immigrants recording down when they first arrived, the guards locked them up like criminals in compartments like the cages at the zoo. The Chinese immigrants were held in these “cages” for weeks, often months, individuals were subjected to rounds of interrogations to assess the legitimacy of their immigration applications. These interrogations were long, tiring, and stressful. Interprets had a hard time because most Chinese immigrants were from southern China at that time, many spoke Cantonese. Many held in the island turned to poetry as expression—they spilled their emotions onto the very walls that contained them. Some of the poems are bitter and angry; all, however, read with a heavy sadness.

// “America has power, but not justice. // // In prison, we were victimized as if we were guilty. // // Given no opportunity to explain, it was really brutal. // // I bow my head in reflection but there is nothing I can do.” //

Another example:

// “I thoroughly hate the barbarians because they do not respect justice. // // They continually promulgate harsh laws to show off their prowess. // // They oppress the overseas Chinese and also violate treaties. // // They examine for hookworms and practice hundreds of despotic acts.” //

** The Repeal **
The Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed by the 1943 Magnuson Act, which permitted Chinese nationals already residing in the country to become naturalized citizens and stop hiding from the threat of deportation. A large scale Chinese immigration did not occur until the Immigration Act of 1965 was passed. Despite the fact that the exclusion act was repealed in 1943, the law in California that Chinese people were not allowed to marry whites was not repealed until 1948.

=**__ Buffalo Bill Cody and his Wild West show. __**=

__Introduction__
//(Orignal name: William F. Cody)// //Who was Buffalo Bill Cody?// Buffalo Bill Cody(1846-1917) was, in his his earlier years (starting at around age 14), a rider for the pony express. He saw the ad, which read " "skinny, expert riders willing to risk death daily." Cody, who was very familiar with the frontier, jumped at the opportunity. Cody also served in the civil war at around 1863. He received his nickname, "Buffalo Bill" by killing 4,280 head buffalo in 18 months along the Kansas railroad to help feed the crewmen working on it.



Buffalo Bill's WIld West :
In 1883, Buffalo Bill decided to put his frontier experience to theatrical use by creating "Buffalo Bill's WIld West", a traveling outdoor performance depicting sensationalized versions of Buffalo Bill and his encounters with the rough, //Wild// dangers of the west. At the time this was stated, industrialization had started to hit a boom, and things like gun slingers and cowboys had started to die out. Buffalo Bill's show looked to rejuvenate the craze, featuring scenes such as Colonel Curt's defeat at Little Big Horn, reenactments of his time on the pony express, and much more. What is //very// important, however, is that Buffalo Bill blatantly confronted controversial social topics in his Wild West. From the performances, all the way to the troop its self, Buffalo Bill's Wild West was full of what would be considered taboo at the time.

Calamity Jane and Annie Oakley


During the 1880s, women were really starting to bring social attention towards their rights. Buffalo Bill's Wild West did the same, by featuring strong, 'gun-slingin' women such as Calamity Jane and Annie Oakley.

Martha "Calamity Jane" Canary was a rough woman who had incredible skill with a gun, and would be considered 'manish' tendencies, such as hard drinking and boasting about her ventures. She would later work as a scout, disguising herself as a man to help in the fight against the natives. Because of Jane's reputation, the gun slinging, reckless, horse-riding cowgirl earned her place in Buffalo Bill's troupe.

Annie Oakley was another woman who earned her living through her remarkable talent at handling a gun. Annie Oakley, with her trademark knee-dress, long sleeves, and leggings, was more feminine than calamity Jane, and also a figure of controversy at the time.

The two of them had a **//__HUGE__//** impact on women all around, which considering the women's right's controversy that was just starting to kick off during this time period. At some points, Jane and Annie even inspired particularly rebellious women to start a life of crime and theft.

Chief Sitting Bull:


(1831-1890) Sitting Bull was a Native American chief who had a reputation for his bravery and exploits in numerous battles, particularly against Amercans making moves on Native land. Amongst his people, Sitting Bull was a symbol of strength, and courage. A spiritual leader whom many Native Americans would eagerly fight alongside of. George Armstrong Custer attempted to attack Sitting Bull at Little Big Horny at one point, and was defeated, as foretold in Sitting Bull's vision. This caused an outrage in American society, and the Lakota Indian chiefs were tracked down and forced to surrender, one after the other.

Sitting Bull lead his people into Canada, where he tried to settle with his people. He would later angrily reject a pardon in exchange for his people settling on Indian reservations. However, one must keep in mind that this is the 1880s, and there was an industrial boom going taking place. Resources such as Buffalo were not too common anymore, the way they used to be (Buffalo Bill himself killed around 4000 of them.. the irony.) and so sitting Bull was forced to surrender his rifle in 1881 due to a lack of resources for his people. Upon his own request, it is to be known that Chief Sitting Bull was the last of his tribe to surrender his rifle.

In 1885, Sitting Bull was able to leave his reservation by joining up in Buffalo Bill's Wild West. He was only in the show for four months before he left, stating that he could no longer tolerate white society. He did, however, have the chance to meet president Grover Cleveland, which he took as acknowledgment that he was still a great chief.

Geronimo:


(1829-1909)

Geronimo was a fierce Apache chief often featured in fairs and tales all around, the Wild West being no exception. His character played a key role in the portrayal of the unpredictable dangers of the west that Buffalo Bill's show attempted to emphasize. His family was slaughtered by Mexicans and, as a result, he was transformed in a fierce warrior whose hate for Mexican people lead him to perform military feets that earned him a spot in American history.

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=The Haymarket Riot=

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The Haymarket Riot resulted in strong violence, death, and harm to the cause of the workers. The change of the eight-hour workday was at that time now most strongly associated with the negativity of the bomb that induced the shots to be fired into the crowds. Because of this, the eight-hour workday cause was seen as a negative idea. Although, along with the strikes, riots, and rallies, the Haymarket event raised awareness of the workers conditions and needs. These events initiated the beginning of the May Day events that happened in the future. The May Day events were international fights for a universal eight-hour workday. The first May Day was very successful giving a large push for the eight-hour work day and for demonstrating workers around the world to voice their opinions for better conditions. The event made news all of all sorts of news papers including the New York pages of the time giving much media exposure and publicity to their cause. The Haymarket Riot influenced much of the future fight for fair hours and conditions for the average worker.